Pakistan Review of Social Sciences (PRSS)
Pakistan Review of Social Sciences (PRSS) is a biannual peer reviewed journal that publishes book reviews, research articles, thesis/ dissertations, and academic essays. PRSS covers most of Social Sciences disciplines in its publications.
Technology Research and Innovation Markaz (TRIM)
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Cultural norms and their Influence on Marriage Decision-Making among Young Adults
Marriage decision-making among young adults is deeply rooted with cultural beliefs on family responsibility, gender roles and expectations relating to partner selection. In many societies, cultural prescriptions still play an important role when shaping how people gain autonomy and collective values when it comes to determining a marital partner. This paper looks at the role of cultural norms, which include, norms of collectivism, parental authority, honor, gendered expectations, etc. and how this affects decision making by young adults in regards to marriage. Using the scholarly insights of cross-cultural psychology and sociology, the discussion emphasizes on how the youth tend to go through a complex interaction between individual desires and cultural demands. The fact that globalization and modern education have brought about in many contemporary individuals a variety of options for weddings, still, conventional cultural frameworks have maintained considerable authority in influencing marriage-related selection of preferences, behaviours and choices, is pointed out in a research. The results contribute to current debates about issues of youth autonomy, intergenerational bargaining, and changing marital practices in the developing world society.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samaira Khalid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Barriers to Political Participation among Women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Women's political participation is generally agreed to be a condition for democratic development and inclusive government but in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan, despite much legitimacy, women are still reeling from the constant stream of social, structural and institutional constraints on their effective participation in politics. This study deals critically with multidimensional barriers for and women's limited participation in the electoral process, political bodies and public decision-making structures and processes in KP. Based on insights from feminist political theory and socio-cultural frameworks the paper highlights the restrictive patriarchal norms, lack of mobility and a restricted access to education, male dominated party structures, economic dependence and the dominance of conservative tribal traditions as major stumbling blocks providing further grounds to reinforce gendered exclusion. Existing empirical work is reviewed to identify interaction between cultural expectations, religious interpretations and household responsibilities and deficits in existing governance system to reproduce political marginalization. The introduction also brings the matter in the wider context of the Pakistan's gender inequality scenario by bringing in the national statistics and policy commitments and gender equality indexes in the global context. As a result of constitutional guarantees and quota provisions relevant to this study argues that women in KP are yet grossly underrepresented by most of the issues, are underrepresented due to intersectional structural inequalities and socio-cultural hierarchies, leave women's agency constrained and political voice to lack of supposed T Michael, Gr A. Practices: Dealing with Violence During Armed Conflicts, In the Documents. Ds. B. Demonopolize Target MkII2016-17) Addressing these barriers requires a multi-layered strategy of legal reforms, capacity building initiatives, community sensitization and economic empowerment strategies. The insights provided are a conceptual background for empirical study into gendered political participation in regards to KP.
Copyright (c) 2025 Palwasha Nasir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of Women Empowerment Programs in Improving Household Decision-Making
Women empowerment programs have come up as significant programs that attempt to strengthen women's agency, autonomy and positioning in household decision-making. In many developing societies, in particular South Asia, the role of women within management of financial, health and mobility-related decisions is still limited by gender norms. This study is focusing on the success of women empowerment projects (skills development, financial inclusion schemes, awareness campaigns and community-based projects, etc) in the household in increasing women's voice and influence. Drawing on empirical research that is available, the paper describes the role that programs on empowerment play in enhancing bargaining power, access to resources, and participation in important family decisions. The analysis also identifies persistent socio-cultural barriers to limit the outcome of programs and underlines the need for context specific strategies in order to maximise the impact. Findings indicate that inclusive policies, long-term training, and community engagement lead to significantly greater levels of women's participation in household decision-making that ultimately leads to more equitable and sustainable family relationships.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syeda Fatima Jafari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reciprocal Divinity: Artificial Intelligence and the Feedback Structure of the Sacred
Artificial intelligence is often described as godlike, capable of creation, judgment, and revelation. The language of divinity that surrounds technology, however, tells us as much about human imagination as it does about machines. This paper argues that AI reshapes the structure of the sacred by shifting from distant transcendence to immanent, reciprocal forms of divinity grounded in feedback and participation. Drawing on theology, philosophy, media theory, and sociology, it presents intelligent systems as sites where divinity appears as process rather than perfection. The divine no longer rules from above; it learns through interaction. Each query, prompt, and dataset functions as a small ritual through which belief and behavior co-produce authority. Viewed through this lens, AI exposes a transformation in power and reverence: the sacred becomes procedural, collaborative, and fragile, sustained by attention, ethics, and infrastructure. The gods we build now reflect us, learning from our habits, constrained by our materials, and shaped by our care. This account contributes to ongoing conversations in the theology of technology, media philosophy, and AI ethics by reframing divinity as a participatory relation rather than a distant ideal. It positions artificial intelligence as both mirror and medium for the human search for meaning, offering a framework for understanding computation as a practice of co-creation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sara Syed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Sustainable Aviation: Global best practices for implementation in the Pakistani Aviation Industry.
The concern of sustainable aviation has risen to be an area of focus as the entire aviation industry attempts to cut down carbon emissions as well as handles the issues revolving around climate change. This research paper analyzes the United Nations’ best practices on aviation sustainability, which has newer technologies, uncommon fuels, and improved operational efficiencies, while giving concrete suggestions on the aviation industry in Pakistan. Based on primary research and global efforts undertaken by IATA, ICAO, the paper captures key initiatives such as CORSIA and biofuels promotion. These efforts have been tried and succeeded in several countries. The USA and Brazil have invested in biofuels, whereas Europe is ahead with hydrogen operated aircrafts and electric aviation in addition to supporting this initiative. The need to decarbonize within the global aviation sector has necessitated sustainable aviation as a critical area for development and cooperation. This paper explores the applicability of global best practices in biofuels, hydrogen propulsion, electric aviation, and operational optimization to Pakistan’s aviation industry. The aviation world is being set towards net-zero emissions by international efforts through the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), IATA, and ICAO. These efforts will allow countries, such as the USA, which have the capability to harvest agricultural residues and algae, to reduce aviation’s carbon foot print by as much as 80%. European countries are already leading the sector by developing hydrogen powered aircraft and electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) machines. The air traffic management (ATM) sector is advancing as well. AI incentivized route optimization and continuous descent operations are eliminating excessive fuel expenditure and emissions. Pakistan’s aviation industry does not adopt these practices even with its strategic geographic location and the unexplored opportunities it can utilize. The country’s reliance on conventional jet fuel, aging fleet and underdeveloped green infrastructure makes it more vulnerable environmentally and economically. Take for example, emissions from Pakistan airlines have increased by 12% since 2015 due to growing passenger traffic by 10% annually prior to the pandemic, while not having any structure in place to facilitate biofuel blending or carbon offsetting. Airports are fossil fuel dependent and the contribution of renewable energy is less than 5% of the energy mix and the air traffic management is based on obsolete technologies. Such lack of engagement with prevailing international practices not only increases operational expenses, but also exposes the country to potential exclusion from climate-friendly trade agreements and funding. In order to address these shortcomings, Pakistan needs to embrace sustainability policies which are proven to work elsewhere. Biofuels offer a low hanging fruit. The country produces over 50 million tons of agricultural waste which includes rice husks and sugarcane bagasse, which can be transformed into Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) with the assistance of international biofuel companies. Truly, Brazil’s achievement of expanding SAF production using sugarcane ethanol is a model that can easily be copied. At the same time, there is a need to align CORSIA offsets with Pakistan aviation policy framework, such as investing in reforestation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa or Sindh as carbon sinks. There modernize air traffic control systems to reduce fuel consumption by 15- 20%, as India did with Gatishakti program. Besides, solar energy can be harnessed at, to provide electricity to, Pakistani airports, especially Islamabad and Karachi, which allow for these airports to be used more easily. Cochin International Airport’s shift to 100% solar energy shows how the operations can become cost effective without emissions from electricity generation. Due to its distinct position, Pakistan is able to function as a trade route between Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. This increases its chances of becoming a regional authority in sustainable aviation. By involving public and private partnerships along with global sponsors in the aviation industry, growth in hydrogen and electric aviation infrastructure is possible. For example, there can be deals with the Airbus Hydrogen Engine Development Program or with the Nordic Countries for trials for electric air craft. That would place Pakistan in the forefront with new technology. Such measures would lower pollution levels, while generating majorly skilled employment opportunities, and blooding supporting industries from renewable energy to advanced manufacturing. In context with the Sustainable Development Goal 13 or climate action, this shift would bring multi- pronged advantages for them. Delivering 30% of SAFs by 2035 would result in an 1.8 million reduction to Pakistan’s aviation emissions, while solar powered airports could cut energy expenditure by around forty percent. Furthermore, engagement in international carbon markets by means of CORSIA could potentially provide two to three hundred million in funding annually. By the year 2026, these initiatives and measures will enhance Pakistan’s geopolitical standing, and will promote favorable trade terms with eco-conscious markets, like EU. In conclusion, Pakistan can promote to economic prosperity and can ensure climate resilience under the umbrella of sustainable aviation initiatives and projects. Intergradation of biofuels, modernization of infrastructure, and through global collaborations, country’s aviation sector can be transformed into model of innovation and sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Haidar Haroon, Dr. Muhammad Umer, Anas Farhan Awan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Experimental Study on Improving the Quality of Life of University Students in Chinese Medicine Institutions through Baduanjin Combined with Chinese Herbal Medicine Diet
To address the decline in quality of life among university students in traditional Chinese medicine institutions caused by subhealth conditions such as qi deficiency, blood insufficiency, and decreased cardiopulmonary function, this study employed an experimental research method. Sixty volunteer participants were randomly recruited and divided into three groups: ①Baduanjin exercise only (20 participants), ② medicinal diet only (20 participants), and ③Baduanjin combined with medicinal diet (20 participants). Using the eight dimensions of the SF-36 scale, significant differences among the three groups before and after the intervention were analyzed to demonstrate the comprehensive improvement in health and quality of life resulting from the combination of Baduanjin and medicinal diet. The results indicated that the combined intervention group (Baduanjin + medicinal diet) showed the most effective outcomes. This group exhibited an average improvement ranging from 7.58% to 52.72% across nine health dimensions, including general health perception, with a notable 52.7% increase in health perception scores. Particularly significant improvements were observed among individuals with initially limited physical function (the highest increase in general health score reached 157%). In contrast, single interventions showed certain limitations: the Baduanjin-only group demonstrated significant mental health improvement, but 20% of participants experienced a decline in physical function (e.g., a 60% decrease in scores); the medicinal diet-only group showed some alleviation in physical activity restrictions, but over 60% of participants exhibited a decline in social function (e.g., a 38% reduction in social activity) and a general decrease in mental health (e.g., a 50% drop in scores). The combined intervention outperformed the medicinal diet-only approach by 50 percentage points in health perception improvement and by 30% in emotional well-being enhancement, effectively mitigating the risk of physical and mental imbalance associated with single therapy approaches. Based on these findings, it is recommended that university canteens establish “seasonal medicinal diet windows” offering standardized medicinal diets three times per week (such as heart-clearing lotus seed soup in spring and summer, and codonopsis and astragalus chicken stew in autumn and winter), along with developing seasonal health-preservation meal sets. Furthermore, personalized health management plans could be promoted by establishing traditional Chinese medicine constitution identification records, integrating smart wearable devices to monitor exercise intensity, tongue and pulse diagnosis, and quarterly SF-36 assessments to dynamically adjust health management strategies.
University students of traditional Chinese medicine
Copyright (c) 2025 Zhubing Sun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Pakistan-China Security Cooperation on South Asia’s Security Architecture
The research paper focuses on the historical context of Pakistan-China relations and highlights the changing geopolitical and global developments. How it shaped security measures. This mutual security ties further enhance the balance of power in the region. The cooperation has also complicated the regional scenario, particularly with India. The study concludes with policy recommendations for Pakistan to navigate these complexities while maintaining a balanced approach to its foreign relations. This study examines the influence of China-Pakistan relations on Pakistan’s security strategy, particularly in the context of its rivalry with India. The regional stability in South Asia and Pakistan's position within the broader geopolitical landscape are important factors in the architecture. Further, the study emphasizes that Pakistan-China relations not only serve the security interest but are also effective in the peacebuilding process. China's support for security and economics is an important block in the region. The relationship will further safeguard and defend the common mutual challenges in the region.
Copyright (c) 2024 Faheem Ullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
To what extent do different communities give detrimental treatment to victims of sexual violence?
Sexual assault and harassment has happened globally and is a very frequent incident that happens to everyone despite gender. Sexual assault is very regular, with women, a lot of people face it but deny and don’t realize it later on. Communities also treat sexual violence victims differently and sometimes even blame the victim, this is very unjust and the harassers are not even shamed so the victims have so much trauma that they don’t even talk about it. Once victims open up, they are looked at differently. People don’t know how to handle the situation which leads to the victims feeling as if they should keep quiet and is the purpose of my individual report , to educate oneself and others.
mental effects and different perspectives
Copyright (c) 2024 Shahbano Shahbano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Research Question: Are Individuals with ASPD (antisocial personality disorder) More Likely to Participate in Criminal Activities Impacting the Stability of Different Communities?
Antisocial personality disorder is a series of patterns that are socially irresponsible, impulsive and remorseless behavior. I chose this topic because it is in my field of interest. When I first brought up the topic, I was very surprised that many of my classmates did not know that the term “sociopathy” means ASPD (antisocial personality disorder). This is a very misunderstood topic and I hope my report can shed some light on it. I believe that if we approach this topic with an open mind we can learn more information about ASPD and sociopaths in general. And if we find the root of this illness, and potentially find a way to help individuals cope with ASPD. This could help the general public and stabilize communities. I believe that this needs immediate attention because the longer we continue to ignore individuals showing symptoms of ASPD the longer more lives will be lost by easily preventable crimesa.
Copyright (c) 2024 Raniya Shaan Shahid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact The Impact of Multimedia Delivery Modes on Student Engagement in Distance Education
Distance education has become increasingly prevalent, with multimedia delivery modes playing a significant role in shaping the learning experience. This research paper investigates the impact of various multimedia delivery modes on student engagement in distance education. Different hypotheses applied and SPSS analysis find out .Through a comprehensive literature review and empirical analysis, this study aims to explore how different multimedia delivery methods, such as video lectures, interactive simulations, and virtual reality environments, influence student engagement levels. The paper hypothesizes that certain multimedia delivery modes positively correlate with higher levels of student engagement, leading to enhanced learning outcomes in distance education settings.
Muzamil Hussain AL Hussaini( Phd Scholar) Muzamil Hussain AL Hussaini( Phd Scholar)
Copyright (c) 2025 Muzamil Hussain AL Hussaini( Phd Scholar) Muzamil Hussain AL Hussaini( Phd Scholar) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Research Question: Is The Unemployment of The Mentally Ill Leading to Negative Impacts in Different Communities?
The way mental health (CDC, 2021) and unemployment carry out is hand in hand. The key influence on employability is good mental health, searching for a job and remaining in that job. In contrast, people working and finding a job is stressful and can take a toll on one’s mental health so mental health professionals don’t encourage it. Since Covid 19 the rise of unemployment in many countries has increased mostly due to the fact that People’s well being has been affected by the recent Global crisis; the pandemic therefore they weren’t able to perform their respective jobs to standard. I have chosen this topic because I am passionate about mental health.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nooriya Shaan Shahid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HYBRID WARFARE; IRAN-SAUDI RIVALRY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON PAKISTAN’S INTERNAL AFFAIRS
The research paper circulates the Iran-Saudi Rivalry which has deep historical roots and can have drastic implications on Pakistan’s internal affairs. Scholars have argued that both these Islamic giants adhere to different approaches to leadership and dominance in the Middle East. The author uses qualitative methodology to formulate this paper with the help of research papers and documentaries. Similarly, as long as the bone of contention escalates, so do the implications and instability rise in Pakistan as the latter is composed of Sunni majority and Shia minority population resulting in vast sectarianism. In support of the argument, the theory of Realism is implied which discusses how both states prioritize their national interests. Case studies of Shia violence in Pakistan have also been discussed in this paper about the rivalry. The DIME model has been used for better understanding. Lastly, the paper converses on the China-led rapprochement between Saudi-Iran rivalries. Keywords: Saudi-Iran Rivalry, Sectarianism, National Interests, Middle East, Realism, Sunni-Shia, rapprochement, Pakistan
Copyright (c) 2024 Pakistan Review of Social Sciences (PRSS) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating sexual violence at PK music festivals
This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of sexual violence at Pakistani music festivals, building upon research conducted by Bows et al. (2022, 2024) concerning sexual violence within the UK festival context. It marks the first Pakistani study dedicated to this subject, incorporating insights from interviews with ten women who have personally encountered instances of sexual harassment or assault at such events. The study employs a dual quantitative and qualitative methodology to explore female experiences with sexual harassment in depth, aiming to discern overarching trends alongside individual narratives. Through an inductive approach that synthesizes numerical and descriptive data, this research illuminates the broader patterns and the nuanced, contextualized occurrences of sexual violence at music festivals – ultimately aiming to enhance the leisure experience for women attending these events by urging a revamp of policies that prioritise their safety and well-being. Collaborative efforts with festival operators have stimulated discussions surrounding the measures designed to cultivate a secure environment for female attendees.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sardar Muhammad Musa Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Case Study of Social, Economic and Political Statuses of Transgender in Peshawar
Over the years, Transgender community remained one of the most marginalized segments of society. Issues related to Transgender community are still considered to be a taboo for which a dearth of research studies has been observed. The recent developments people are trying to understand the intensity of their marginalization in terms of their social, economic and political statuses. Consequently, this study focuses to identify and explains social, economic and political statuses of Transgender community in society of Peshawar qualitatively. The methodology chosen for this research study was case study. Literature review was done systematically as well as critically for this research. After literature review knowledge gaps have been identified in terms of social, economic and political statuses of Transgender in Peshawar. A sample of nine (9) respondents was selected through purposive or judgmental sampling. Data has been collected via semi-structured in-depth interviews. The collected data was then transcribed and split and spliced. After transcription, data has been coded and linkages have been established. After linkages, existing framework, derived from literature, was modified with all the newly emerged factors. Furthermore, qualitative analysis revealed the inter-relationship amongst factors, which shows that Transgender community faces marginalization in their social, economic and political statuses in Peshawar.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rooh Ullah, Maaz Ali, Azhar Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The purpose of this report is to assess the mental health of bankers and address the mental health issues they face in their work environment. The research methodology used is descriptive research and inferential statistics, where a survey was distributed among bank employees and interviews were conducted with relevant professionals. The survey found that 57.6% of the respondents were male and the majority of the respondents were in a younger age group. The results showed a median response of moderate to severe level of stress at the workplace and a uniform distribution of responses on feeling mentally and emotionally safe. Respondents showed low excitement towards their workplace and felt that work-life balance was not valued within the organization.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hashir Muzaffar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigate the influence of multiple elements on the criminal behavior of young people in Pakistan
One of Pakistan's biggest issue is criminality. Increasing crime rates nationwide are starting to raise serious concerns. It's widely recognized that the underprivileged section of society experiences poor social, psychological, physical, and economic situations, which are linked to criminal behavior. The main causes of young offenders in Pakistan are hunger, joblessness, and bribery. The primary goal of the current study was to look into the elements influencing young people's criminal behavior in Pakistan particularly in two metropolitan cities, Rawalpindi and Lahore. The current study concluded that highest 27% of the individuals claimed unemployment and 24% considered poverty was the primary reason of crime. 19.2% of the participants said that social media, 15.4% peer pressure, 8.0% education deficiency, and 6.4% political insecurity contributes to crime. The elements unemployment (27%) and poverty (24%) highly related to crime. Alongside this, the bivariate analysis indicated that unemployment had a significant effect on the criminal behavior of the young people with the chi-square value of (143.031) and p-value (0.017), and poverty with the chi-square value of (125.021) and p-value (0.005). In addition, the multiple linear regression showed the strong correlation between crime and unemployment, poverty, peer pressure, and social media among young people with p≤0.05 and R2= 0.735. Therefore, the study recommended that the government and non-governmental organizations, and other groups serving the general public should start adult empowerment initiatives that lead to the reduction of crimes among young people.
Copyright (c) 2024 Syed Sabir Hussain Shah, Syed Sibtain Ahmed Rizvi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DURING COVID-19: A CASE STUDY OF LAHORE
Domestic violence and spousal abuse is increased in Pakistan due to COVID-19 lockdowns, people lost their jobs, meltdown in economy and men worked from home. This research report focused on “Domestic Violence during COVID-19: A Case Study of Lahore”. This study highlighted that the coronavirus pandemic has deepened social inequalities in Pakistan, impacted women and children and increased the gap between men and women. This study points out that women working in informal sectors and those sitting in their houses both are affected by pandemic, many women lost their jobs and were confined to stay at home, where they can’t protect themselves from domestic abuse. Qualitative and cross-sectional research method has been used to carry out this research. It was noted that stress and anxiety increased as a result of being confined to one’s place of residency away from friends, family and workplace. Also, literacy rate, unemployment and decrease in reporting these issues to police contributed a lot increasing domestic violence. It was noted that threat from the abusers of being killed, social stigma and honor prevented women to report the cases of domestic violence which tortured women mentally, physically and emotionally. It made it clear that pandemics like COVID-19 can exacerbate the dimensions of gender equality, increasing the gap between men and women in formal and informal sectors. Hence, the prevention of domestic abuse is not only crucial from human rights perspective but can be fruitful to bring changes in the mental health and economic development of our society. Effective working of our state departments, strict laws and regulations against violence, education and awareness can bring prevention policies against domestic violence.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hareem Fatima https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Book Review: "Theories of International Politics and Zombies" by Daniel W. Drezner
Copyright (c) 2024 Syed Shah Hussain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Climate Change Induced Floods in Pakistan 2022: Ineffective Pakistani Governance and The Role of Ingos in Providing Assistance to The Victims
The main aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of climate change induced floods that wreaked havoc in Pakistan in the year 2022, and the efforts made by developmental organizations to provide relief and rehabilitation to the victims. Climate change is an inevitable reality and is evident in Pakistan through the rising temperatures causing heatwaves and droughts, heavy monsoon seasons resulting in unprecedented rainfall across the country that is affecting not only the rural communities but also the urban lifestyle. Since the government of Pakistan does not have adequate budget to spend towards disaster risk management, mitigation, and resilience, it is the generous donors and humanitarian organizations that support the government to safeguard the citizens of Pakistan especially the flood affected communities. Organizations such as United Nations, International Rescue Committee, Oxfam International, and various others played a vital role in reaching out to those affected by the floods through their effective and efficient flood response and now recovery plans. However, one year later people are still suffering, infrastructure is still damaged and developmental organizations still face challenges that are to be addressed by making effective policies for the future so that these organizations along with the government of Pakistan can contribute towards the betterment of the society.
Copyright (c) 2025 Izza Syed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Prospects of Normalization and Strengthening of Iran-Saudi Relations and its Implications for the USA
Iran and Saudi Arabia are two of the most significant states in the Middle East. Historically, the two nations have been bitter rivals, and the nature of their relationship has played a considerable role in shaping the geopolitical dynamics of the region and the involvement of great powers in regional affairs. If Iran and Saudi Arabia reconcile their differences and form a closer relationship, it could lead to greater stability in the region, as well as increased economic and political cooperation. As the United States is one of the most heavily involved extra-regional powers, the normalization and potential strengthening of the relationship between Iran and Saudi Arabia may have significant implications for the traditional role of the US in the region. On the one hand, a closer relationship between Iran and Saudi Arabia could lead to a decrease in tensions and conflicts in the region, which would be a positive development for the US. The US has traditionally viewed Saudi Arabia as a key ally in the Middle East, and any shift away from this relationship, on the other hand, may negatively affect its foreign policy objectives in the region. Ultimately, the implications of a strengthened Saudi-Iran bilateral relationship for the US will depend on a variety of factors, including the nature of the evolving relationship, the degree of cooperation between the two nations, and the overall impact of it on regional stability and American interests in the Middle East.
Copyright (c) 2024 Syed Shah Hussain Gillani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Perspective of female students regarding gender preference in family
Abstract The primary goal of the study was to learn how female students perceived gender preferences in the home. Quantitative approach with 200 responders in the sample employed for statistical analysis and conclusions demonstrated that, 62.5% (125) of the girls lived in nuclear families, and 78% (156) were from metropolitan areas. An empirical investigation revealed a substantial mean difference (p<.01) in the perception of educational attainment between girls residing in both settings. Second, it is shown that the perceptions of both areas about supportive parental conduct differ significantly (p<.01) in terms of mean. Furthermore, compared to girls living in urban areas (M=-1.38, SD=.580), girls living in rural areas are more likely (M=.107, SD=1.30) to believe that parents prefer sons over daughters when it comes to health care. Finally, the perceptions of girls residing in rural and urban regions regarding their preferred jobs show a negligible mean difference (p<.05). But when it comes to the desire for educational attainment, it turns out that there is a substantial mean difference (p<.01). Nonetheless, there is a noteworthy average distinction (p<.05) between nuclear and mixed families with respect to the supportive conduct of parents toward their son. Additionally, the preference of nuclear and joint families to invest more in their sons, however, is not significantly different (p<.05). Ultimately, parental preference for a son's job over a daughter's is significantly different (p<.05) in nuclear versus joint homes. Parents should therefore encourage their kids to succeed academically. But females ought to have to go to school and be given the same respect as boys do.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdul Ur Rehman, Maaz Ali, Gul Khanda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative study of postwar literature (Iranian Holy defense and Vietnam’s War) Komunyakaa’s and Aminpour’s Poems
The comparative study tries to find the common points in two different authors’ works and in this kind of studying so many other common but the hidden points may be revealed.postwar literature is somehow one of the best literary genres for finding the common factors and features that the poets have tried to present in their works elements such as desire to be winner, cruelty, inhumanity, and absurdity of the war. The Iranian poet late Qaisar Aminpour(1961-2007) and YusefKomunyakaa ( 1947) from Bogalusa, Louisiana, are among the great American and Iranian poets whose works so many times have been interpreted and analyzed. The finding the outstanding and the most important points and themes in the postwar poems of these two poets is the main aim of this literary comparative study.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kian Pishkar, Taif Abdulhussein Dakhil, Nooshin Nasery https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Semiotic study of AL Rahman Verse Based on signifying system and semiotic theories
In many cultures esp.in the Islamic and Iranian culture, it might be said that scriptures, “here means the Holy Quran” are the “text of texts,” the first and ultimate text, the model for all books and the font of all images of literary inspiration. “Scriptures” are the model for the organization of written words to bear numerous meanings; more than a mere narrative, the story of “scriptures” is a narrative whose full nature is regarded as diminished and confounded by the limits of human memory and speech. It is the written word elevated into a service that eliminates the lines between medium and message, only to reimpose these lines in less sacred contexts. The importance of semiotic, its effects and analysis in the modern language,literature and linguistic studies is not deniable and experts of teaching, linguists and critics of literature all somehow usesemiotics in their works. This paper tries to use semiotic and sign studying for analyzing of AL Rahman Verse (Bride Of Quran ) from Holy Quran and indicating to the new concepts based on signifying system and semiotic theories to show the greatness of the layers of meanings and concepts in the Holy Quran and one of its best verses(AL Rahman). Semiotics theories and different theorists’ ideas such as Roland Barthes’, Umberto Eco’s, Sebeok’s, and Lotman’s have been discussed and applied on the some part of Al Rahman verse.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kian Pishkar, Nooshin Nasery , Taif Abdulhussein Dakhil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PEDAGOGICAL SOLUTIONS FOR PROBLEMS FACING TRANSLATION PROCESS
To improve the quality and outcomes of translation courses at the university level, the instructors are required to integrate learners' needs, identified with the help of a needs survey, into syllabus content. Based on a systematic needs-based syllabus design, of course, the students can be equipped with sufficient skills to face the challenges of the world of translation. In order to structure such a syllabus, first the problems experienced by the students need to be identified and their exact nature needs to be determined. Once a problem has been identified, selecting and teaching the best strategies to deal with it would follow. The present study, as a result, was conducted to hit two targets. First, it aimed at identifying the Iranian translation students' difficulties in translating English texts into Persian through analyzing the errors committed in their exam papers. Second, the research intended to investigate the experiences of the educators engaged in teaching translation to the Iranian university students to offer a set of guidelines to solve the problems through suggested learning and teaching activities in translation classes. These aims were accomplished through two phases. First, the students' errors were traced in their exam papers during six semesters (2016-2019) and were mainly categorized into syntactic, lexical, cultural, stylistic and miscellaneous errors, each of which was further divided into subdivisions. Second, by conducting in-depth interviews, the suggestions of some of the experienced faculty members of the Iranian universities involved in teaching translation to solve the problems were extracted and synthesized. The discussions centered around applying the constructivist approach to teaching translation, which the interviewees believed can provide opportunities for translation students to play an active role in their own learning by integrating and activating corresponding knowledge, skills and attributes specifically in the form of group work in translation classes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kian Pishkar, Nooshin Nasery, Taif Abdulhussein Dakhil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Psycho-Semantico Moxie of Metaphorical Drives in Advert Texting
This paper investigates metaphorical usages in advertising from a psycho-semantic perspective. It argues that metaphor is employed in advertising texts deliberately to conceptualize one concept in terms of another which has well-defined and structured experience-able effect. Semantically, one semantic domain is expanded to another in a process of simulation to the targeted concept. Usually, source domain is concrete so it can be extended semantically to paste some well-selected plausible associative meanings on the target domain. All is meant for manipulating attitudes: affective, cognitive, and behavioral on the benefit of the advertising campaign. Intentionally, metaphorical expressions are to map unpredictable yet meaningful imagistic textuality of adverts. In most cases relational and sentential innovations are supportive and additives in the process of texting meant for persuasive functions in specific and for interactive quest in general. However, conceptual metaphor is highly loaded with mentalistic drives of conceptualization and reformulation of perceptive iconic images. Thus, by manipulating and emulating attitudinal modes, advert texting can be modulated to submit a crux of mentalistic moot, conscious and unconscious, of the portrayed textuality of the adverts. Per se, adverts' texting is dependent on the observability, of the linguisticity of texts and on the persuasiveness motifs of the discoursal matching.
advertising, metaphor, cognitive approach, attitudes.
Copyright (c) 2024 Prof. Rafi' Mahmood Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE IMPACT OF INTERNET BANKING THE IMPACT OF INTERNET BANKING ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: THE CASE OF FRENCH BANKS
The financial sector has known profound changes since the 1980s with the development of technologies and the massive adoption of the internet and mobile phones. In this research paper, we investigate to examine the impact of internet banking on bank performance in France. To reach this objective, we used as a regression estimation method for panel data and the Hausman test (1978).We have highlighted the effect of control and specific variables related to banks on the return on assets and the return on equity. Our sample is composed of 31 commercial banks during the period 2008-2019.The results confirm the majority of our hypotheses which demonstrate the positive effect of digitization and internet banking on the performance of banks.
Internet Banking , Bank Performance, Return On Asset, Return On Equity.
Copyright (c) 2024 Adel Necib, Lafi Amen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital transformation and finan Digital transformation and finance: Analysis of economic development strategies: the case of Crowdfunding
The objective of this study is to identify the obstacles to the integration of Crowdfunding into the national economy as an economic development strategy. In early 2018, the Central Bank of Tunisia looked into the subject of Crowdfunding for innovative startups by raising funds following a meeting with the governor of the BCT and members of the Tunisian diaspora living abroad. By distinguishing the phases of its adoption process and based on 10 semi-structured interviews lasting an average of 1h10, and an observation of several crowdfunding platforms (cofundy, afrikwity), as well as the observation of blogs and other networks social, we show that there are internal barriers (lack of trust, poor coordination with participants) and external barriers (absence of a legal framework, lack of support by the State, lack of information on the market). We also show that these barriers are far from insurmontable.
Copyright (c) 2024 Adel Necib, Sallami Mourad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTERNET BANKING ON FINANCIAL PE The Impact of Internet Banking on Financial Performance: The Case of French Banks
Copyright (c) 2024 Adel Necib, Amen Lafi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Political Memes and Affective Polarization: A Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis of Pakistani Political Memes
Abstract Political memes play an integral role in shaping online political discourses by communicating political identities, affiliations and views with the opportunity for the audiences to engage in such discourses. However, some of the discourses in the memes are intendant to demonize, criticize, differentiate, attack, and or negatively evaluate certain political parties and politicians. Therefore, this article adopts a Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis to study the discourses of some of the Pakistani political memes on Twitter in relation to affective polarization. That is, the aim of this study is to examine the presence of affective polarization in the discourses of political memes to know whether and how does political memes catalyze affective polarization. This analysis reveals that, the political memes catalyze affective polarization through its discourses dominated by (de)legitimization, labelling, us versus them differentiation, dehumanization, and trivialization.
Political memes, MCDA, affective polarization, de-legitimization, dehumanization, us versus them, labelling, and trivialization.
Copyright (c) 2024 Maria Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Birth Order on Personality Trait (Extraversion)
This study examines how birth order affects personality traits, specifically extraversion, in firstborn and lastborn individuals. A comparative research design was used, and data was gathered from 160 participants - 80 firstborns and 80 lastborns. Both groups consisted of 40 male and 40 female participants between the ages of 16 and 22 who were selected through purposive sampling. Eysenck's Personality Inventory was used as the assessment tool, and the data were analyzed using an independent sample t-test. The results showed a significant difference in extraversion between firstborn and lastborn individuals but no difference based on gender.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mahnoor Jehanzeb, Mrs. Raumish Masud Khan, Meezab Saleem, Dr. Nudra Malik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0