Graduate Journal of Pakistan Review (GJPR)
This journal is setup to promote research activities in Pakistan by providing a publication platform to the university students and junior scholars so that they can publish their work. This will help in creating a research-friendly environment in Pakistani academia.
Technology Research and Innovation Markaz (TRIM) Pakistan
Submission Declaration Authors retain the copyright to their work and grant the Graduate Journal of Pakistan Review (GJPR) the right of first publication under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. This license permits others to share, adapt, and redistribute the work for any purpose, including commercial use, as long as appropriate credit is given to the original authors and the journal. By submitting a manuscript, authors confirm that the work has not been published previously (except as an abstract, lecture, or academic thesis), is not under review elsewhere, and has been approved by all authors and relevant authorities. Once accepted, the article will be openly accessible under the CC BY 4.0 license, allowing wide dissemination and reuse with proper attribution.
Enchantment and Disenchantment: Science, Magic, and the Continuum of Wonder
Is science the disenchantment of the world, or its re-enchantment in new disguise? This paper explores that question through a narrative thought experiment: walking with an imagined ancestor, Bernie, from the past into the present. What Bernie calls sorcery, we call science. Particle accelerators, genetic editing, artificial intelligence, and space exploration appear as rituals of a new age, raising the possibility that explanation has not destroyed wonder but relocated it. I redefine “magic” not as illusion but as a language of the unexplained, the extraordinary, and the transformative. Tracing history, I show how practices once labeled magical, like alchemy, astrology, healing rites, and agricultural ceremonies, matured into chemistry, astronomy, medicine, and environmental sciences. Science did not erase these impulses; it translated them into new vocabularies of instruments and methods. In turn, contemporary science generates its own enchantments, from AI’s oracular voices to cosmic imagery that evokes myth. Engaging both sides of the debate, I outline Weber and Taylor’s accounts of disenchantment alongside Josephson-Storm, Principe, Chopra, and others who argue for enduring or resurgent enchantment. I conclude that science and magic are not adversaries but companions on a continuum of wonder. To live with science is not to banish magic, but to inhabit its latest form.
Copyright (c) 2023 Sara Syed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Imagine you have travelled many hundreds or thousands of years into the past. There, you meet your ancestor, Bernie. You and Bernie start getting to know each other, so you decide to show Bernie something on your phone, because let’s be real, you would hardly travel anywhere in the farther reaches of time or space without your precious phone. Now Bernie inquires about this phone. You tell Bernie that this device has a number of functions. It can let you talk to someone miles away, record videos or pictures, predict the weather, or basically plan your whole life out. Bernie would then proceed to either worship you, call you a prophet or a witch, or send you to some equivalent of a place like an asylum, depending on who you’re imagining Bernie to be. Or maybe Bernie decides to travel through the same portal you did to step into the present. Bernie sees metal carriages carrying people on land, or metal birds soaring overhead, carrying hundreds of people through the sky. Bernie finds out that doctors can peer inside the body without cutting it open, then replace failing hearts with new ones. To you, this is just science. To Bernie, this would most definitely not be science. It would be sorcery. And now you’re taking Bernie to the hospital because Bernie’s mind might just have short-circuited.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sara Syed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TRENDS AND TENDENCIES OF PRO-POOR GROWTH IN PAKISTAN: POLICY ANALYSIS
This research delves into the dynamics of pro-poor growth in Pakistan, with a particular emphasis on regional disparities and the efficacy of various policies aimed at fostering inclusive economic development. By integrating qualitative insights from a detailed review of pro-poor growth policies globally and in Pakistan, along with quantitative data derived from statistical analyses of per capita income, poverty rates, and income inequality across different provinces, the study paints a detailed picture of the current landscape in the realm of pro-poor growth. Key findings indicate pronounced regional inequalities, with urban areas generally exhibiting higher per capita incomes compared to their rural counterparts. The research reveals that while economic growth has indeed led to poverty reduction in certain regions, these benefits have not been evenly distributed across regions. Specifically, Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have demonstrated pro-poor growth with significant poverty reduction, whereas Sindh and Balochistan have experienced anti-poor growth, favoring higher-income groups. The synthesis highlights the considerable challenge of achieving pro-poor growth in Pakistan. While some regions show progress, others lag due to persistent disparities and governance issues. To address these challenges, the study underscores the necessity for policy-based interventions supported by sustainable funding for social sectors and improved governance. Policymakers are encouraged to draw on both national and international experiences to formulate and implement policies that promote growth beneficial to the most disadvantaged groups, thereby fostering inclusive and sustainable development.
Pak-U.S. Relations During Musharraf Regime
The present study is an attempt to explore the history of Pakistan and United States relations starting from 1947 to Musharraf’s era, the main focus of this study is events of 9/11. Terrorist attacks on United States on September 9, 2001, was a turning point in the relations of both countries. Before this both countries had many ups and downs in their relations. Both countries tried their best to gain benefits from each other. Pakistan as an ally of United States fought against the terrorism as a front-line state. Therefore, no country in the world has suffered more than in this war than Pakistan. This study first briefly describes the history of Pakistan and US relations from 1947 to pre-9/11 era. After that the event of 9/11 and its impacts on the Pak-U.S. relations is discussed in detail.
The Use of Machine Learning (ML)/ Deep Learning (DL) approaches for a Comprehensive study of Blood & Bone Cancer base on transmutation change in DNA/Genes in human bodies
In this article I have tried to study the Leukemia (Blood Cancer) in humen. The blood cancer is genetically disease that moves from generation after generation. This disease has no mercy on human being. It has no distinction among male, female, older, young or even in child. It shows its gravity in the form of death, if proper treatment did not start on time. It proves very fatal. Leukemia is a disease that starts from the uncontrollable and abnormal growth of the white blood cells WBCs. These white blood cells are the fighting soldiers of the human body called as immune system. When they become abnormal they did perform their function properly then disease virus increase in number and spread in the whole body through the circulatory system or by lymphatic system. If the diagnose of the cancer did not start at time then it prove very risky in the loss of a life. Machine Learning/Deep learning is techniques that is very useful for the detection of such type of dangerous diseases particularly cancer of all types and the sever heart diseases. It is also work on statistical algorithms that are study from data and simplify to the undetected data and complete the given job without and open guidelines. Similarly Deep learning is also uses many layers to gradually sketch out higher-level features from the fresh input. For example, in image processing, lower layers may detect ends, while higher layers may isolate the ideas related to a human such as numbers or letters or faces. So machine learning and deep learning is best techniques for the detection, identification, classification and determination of stages of leukemia (Blood Cancer). This method is lower cost and high throughput and consider as the good solution for the detection of the leukemia and other dangerous diseases. I have tried to use this method for the detection of leukemia because my sister is also suffering from this type of ailment. She has aplastic anemia and has passed through the trial of treatment of chemotherapy and also transplation of the bone marrow. So for this I am come forward for the research in leukemia (Blood cancer), bone cancer. First I work on the leukemia and then similar method I will apply on the bone marrow cancer.
Copyright (c) 2024 Younas Masih, Dr. Danish Irfan, Dr. Arfan Jaffar
The Impact of Remote Work on Employee Productivity with moderating role of AI tools: Digital Marketing Sector of Pakistan
The rise of remote work and AI tools in increase digital marketing sector of Pakistan. This research investigates the impact of remote work on employee productivity with moderating role of AI tools in digital marketing context. Adopting the qualitative method through thematic approach, conduct semi structured interview to Professionals or experts the employee and working remotely in Digital marketing agencies and companies. The investigation aim, challenges or benefits unique to the Pakistani digital marketing landscape. The influence of artificial intelligence advancements and remote work arrangements on worker productivity in Pakistan's digital marketing sector is investigated in this study. Semi-structured interviews were utilized to pinpoint the specific consequences of these two trends. Digital remote work has been demonstrated to improve work-life balance, perceived productivity, emotions of loneliness, and communication problems. Additionally, it was shown that opinions on AI applications in the same field were largely favorable, especially for technological instruments intended to boost productivity, such chatbots for customer service or content automation. However, a number of hazards were noted by poll respondents, including a growing dependence on technology and a deterioration in the caliber of independent critical analysis. This information can guide digital marketing companies in Pakistan on potential advantages and considerations when adopting remote work models.
Copyright (c) 2024 Syed Abdullah Shah Hamdani
Abstract Sensationalism is the use of exaggerated, shocking, or dramatic stories or headlines to attract and engage viewers or readers. This research study aimed to investigate the ethical considerations associated with sensationalism in media and its impact on public opinion. A survey was conducted to collect data using random sampling and descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data. The research hypothesis posited that sensationalized media in journalism and mass communication tends to have a negative effect on the general public. The findings of the study support this hypothesis. The survey data revealed that the majority of respondents perceived sensationalized media as having a very negative impact. Descriptive analysis of the data, represented through pie charts, indicated that sensationalism in media can lead to increased negative effects on the general public. These effects encompassed various aspects such as increased fear, panic, and misinformation. The research provides insights into the ethical considerations surrounding sensationalism in media and emphasizes the potential harm caused by distorted or exaggerated reporting. The negative impact on public opinion highlighted the importance of responsible journalism and the need for media outlets to uphold accuracy, fairness, and balance in their reporting. The findings of this study contribute to the existing body of knowledge on sensationalism in media and its ethical implications. They underscore the importance of considering the potential consequences of sensationalism and call for a more conscientious approach to reporting in the field of journalism and mass communication. Keywords: sensationalism, ethics, media, journalism.
Copyright (c) 2024 Osama Qadir Khan, Momina Qadir Khan
The geopolitical implications of climate change in the Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean is a hot belt of concertation and going to decide the future apart as well prominent powers improving their attraction in this region due to its geographical location ice cap is melting because of climate change and global warming. The research question of this article is that how the geopolitics of the Arctic Ocean are going to change in the future the objective of this study to explore an analysis of melting polar dynamics and geopolitical implications of climate change in the arctic ocean and to explore the role of major power interests and strategies in this area balancing economic opportunities and security concerns. This Rese adopted a qualitative approach as it is the collection and analysis of the selected literature available about the topic. Realism Theory is applied in this Article in the context of power. The Arctic is currently the fastest growing continent. Every Arctic country is making concerted efforts to stake claims to humans in the High North by opening colonies, intensifying military activities, increasing resource exploitation, and more. the Arctic Ocean is largely a confined ocean with two major channels. The Pacific end is severely restricted, while the Atlantic end is fairly open and flanked by long continental shelves. Persistent ice cover - a key feature of a wary and skeptical mariner's view has been declining year after year as a result of a warming polar climate, with higher temperatures for both air and sea. Almost all prominent scientists currently studying the global environment predict that this trend will continue, leaving people with treasures in the form of natural resources, strategically important terrain and highly efficient sea lanes of communication. You will have access to a vast collection of human history.
Artificial Intelligence and National Security : A Way Forward for Pakistan
This study indulges into the motivation of constructing an Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Pakistan’s Draft National AI Policy. It shed lights between two Grand AI Strategies of the United States and China showcasing their guiding principles, ideology and implementation methods. Drawing on the newly released Draft National AI Policy by the Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication, the study seeks to identify loopholes and shortcomings shaping the country’s roadmap towards a competitive posture in this technological era. The study focuses on two superpower’s AI policy in hopes to seek learning lessons for Pakistan. By examining the National Artificial Intelligence Initiative (USA) and New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan (China), we investigate the influence of AI in the National Security Prism and its pivotal role. The study reveals that the Draft National AI Policy of Pakistan is missing the essence of Strategy and clarity in implementation roadmap. The research contextualises these findings within the national security dynamics providing insights into military, economical and informational dynamics. Keeping Pakistan’s history, strategic culture and national power in mind, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of Strategic focus in AI Policy. In addition, it provides valuable insights for shaping an effective strategy plan in the context of Pakistan.
Soft Power in International Relations: Shaping Perceptions and Relationships
"Soft Power in International Relations: Shaping Perceptions and Relationships," this research study, examines how soft power might change the dynamics of international interactions. Joseph Nye coined the term "soft power," which refers to a country's ability to achieve its goals via attractiveness as opposed to force. The paper performs a thorough examination of soft power, highlighting its significant influence on international relations and practical application through the use of compelling case studies from certain nations and areas. The article explores public diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, and educational exchanges to reveal the subtle aspects of soft power. Case studies on the United States—highlighting Hollywood's cultural influence—China—highlighting Confucius Institutes—and South Korea—highlighting the global appeal of K-pop—are all included in the inquiry. This study adds to our understanding of soft power and clarifies its critical function in influencing public opinion around the world and promoting diplomatic ties.
The implications of cyber threats on state sovereignty, national security, and international cooperation, focusing on recent cyber incidents
The increasing interconnection of today's world has led to a significant increase in cyber challenges, posing serious challenges to the established framework of international relations. The goal of this research article is to perform a thorough examination of the complex aspects of cyber security threats and their significant effects on international relation dynamics, state sovereignty, and global stability. The study attempts to provide nuanced insights into the changing environment of cyber threats through a thorough analysis of current cyber occurrences and their worldwide implications. Furthermore, it emphasizes the necessity of increased international cooperation in order to successfully tackle these issues, acknowledging the transnational character of cyber threats that transcend conventional borders. The study aims to provide insightful viewpoints for practitioners, academics, and policymakers in developing more resilient strategies for the dynamic area of international relations as the globe navigates this complex junction of technology and geopolitics.
Book Review: Has China Won The Chinese Challenge to American Primacy
Kishore Mahbubani's "The Chinese Challenge to American Primacy" (2020). The book provides an insightful examination of China's ascent and its consequences for the international system. Kishore Mahbubani questions Western viewpoints, calling for a more complex comprehension of China's rise and supporting a cooperative strategy for the U.S.-China relationship. The book examines the historical development of China, highlighting the necessity for the West—especially the United States—to adjust to a shifting geopolitical environment. The book significantly adds to the conversation on international relations and the changing dynamics between major global powers because of Mahbubani's appeal for pragmatic engagement, consideration of China's legitimate interests, and a reevaluation of global governance.
Afforestation and Rural development: A Socio-economic Impact and Environmental Implication
Modernization a product of modernity has been responsible for today’s world development characterised by industrialization, advancement in information technology and urbanization. This process of development is contributing to global warming and climate change, phenomena every society on the surface of the earth now wrestles with. It is a challenge prompted by human indulgence with the natural environment in the bid of creating a modern society. Deforestation and desertification are integral of these challenging problem. This paper will dissect the exigency of these problems particularly in the rural area which according to the functional school of thought is the peripheral of the urban core. It aimed at creating orientation and campaign for afforestation and against deforestation, one of the major causes of desertification of the rural area. Thus, the paper will equally expound imperative necessity on how to contribute to rural development through the creation of ‘mini jungle’ inclusive of recreational spots and creation of a buffer green zone. Such spots are either inadequate or not available in rural area, which thus indicates the negligence of these areas by the government. This paper will therefore draw public attention for the demand of such spots and the extent to which its deficiency hampers psychological and physical recreation. This paper believes that revenue from such recreational spots can in fact be instrumental in the tree plantation process geared at combating the menace of deforestation and desertification and ultimately playing a role in reducing the heat in our atmosphere.
Frequency Distribution Of ABO And Rh Blood Group Among The Student Population Of GPGC Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Currently 36 blood groups in addition to ABO and Rh blood group systems have been recognized. There are a total of 38 human blood group systems. ABO and Rh are the two most significant blood group system. Objective of this study is to determine the frequency distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among student population of GPGC Mardan, Kpk Pakistan. And look into the possibility of a link between blood types and certain diseases and physiological characteristics A sample size of 220 participants with both genders (143 males and 77 females) were chosen at random from the students of GPGC Mardan. The finger prick method was used to obtain blood samples, which includes extracting a very tiny quantity of blood from the tip of a finger. A drop of blood from each participant was put on three separate clean slides for the ABO and Rh tests. A drop of each antisera, anti A, anti B, and anti D obtained from the Hi-tech Medical Laboratory, shewa adda, swabi, was introduced to and stirred with each blood sample with the help of glass rods and left gently up to 60 secs to observe agglutination. Blood group were identified on the basis of agglutination. Total 220 samples were analyzed in which 65% was males and 35% was females. In our population the most prominent blood group was blood group B with percentage frequency of 41% consists of 31.36% Rh positive and 10% Rh negative. The percentage frequency of blood group A in our population was 31.36% consist of 23.36% Rh positive and 7.72% Rh negative. Followed by blood group O with percentage frequency of 17.72% consist of 11.36% Rh positive and 6.36% Rh negative. Followed by the most least occurring blood group AB with percentage frequency of 9.54% consist of 7.27% Rh positive and 2.27% Rh negative. Out of 220 sample 73.63% was Rh positive and 26.36% was Rh negative. With respect to age the students age ranges from 16-20 (years) were 65.45% and age ranges from 21-25 (years) were 34.54%, Similarly group age 16-20 were 68.36% Rh positive and group age 21-25 were 31-36% Rh negative. Blood group B was the most prominent blood group while blood group AB was the least existing blood group. Similarly Rh positive was more prominent than Rh negative. Finally it is concluded that among the students population of GPGC mardan the most frequently occurring blood group was blood group B and the most least occurring blood group was AB. Rh positivity was more than Rh negativity.
The History of Aims of Education in Pakistan
The research article explains the meaning, nature and importance of aims of education in Pakistan. Aims of education are crucial for keeping the educational activity on the right track. Aims of education do not allow the educational process to become haphazard, vague and confused. Aims of education are discussed keeping in view the determining factors, different eras (time periods) and educational needs of 21st century. Islam is a very dynamic religion and it expects people to be active and dynamic in the social order so aims of education according to Islam are also discussed. Islamic Republic of Pakistan is based on Islamic ideology and its aims of education should reflect the Islamic ideology. History of Aims of education mentioned in the educational policies of Pakistan are further analyzed and it is inferred that more or less, same aims of education are discussed in them but the educational system failed to fully achieve the desired aims mainly due to failure in accomplishing major changes (implementation) required in educational system in order to achieve those aims and political instability. It is concluded that aims of education are different for every society which means that aims of education should be formulated according to the ideological needs of a Pakistan and should be fully implemented so that those societal needs can be fulfilled and the country can prosper. Key words: Aims of education, educational needs of 21st century, Islamic ideology, Pakistan’s aims of education
Digital learning assets for future instructors: worldwide problems in Pakistan Present time
The rapid growth of digital technologies for education, as well as their application in the educational process for various objectives, necessitates the creation of pedagogical digital assets by teachers. Different types of Forms, modes of engagement, and the use of digital tools by the instructor for self-education and instructional goals are examples of digital pedagogical assets. This study summarizes the findings of a teacher survey on the characteristics of teaching with digital resources, as well as the issues faced and the characteristics of the instructional digital assets of the teacher of the future and will be beneficial for all . The survey was created using Google forms. The study's findings suggest that the time spent studying the characteristics of digital programmes and generating content to work in them was the most frequently chosen by teachers, independent of the subject matter they provided. For the future teacher, such qualities were highlighted: the ability to use digital applications to improve teaching quality, the short time of application of digital tools (if possible during training), and a combination of teachers' pedagogical skills and effective use of digital tools. According to the survey results, the digital educational assets of the future teachers can be identified as mastering a small number of applications, but with maximum compliance with the subject that the teacher teaches (obviously, for teachers of drawing, it is effective to use some applications, whereas for teachers of mathematics - quite different), creating quality content for teaching students with regard to age-specific perception, compliance with norms, and so on.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muzamil Hussain AL Hussaini
The Proteomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 to design B and T cells Multi-epitopes Subunit Vaccine
In December 2019, an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown cause surfaced in Wuhan, China's Hubei province, with an epidemiologic link to the Huanan Seafood Market. It was discovered that a newly Identified coronavirus, later named as SARS CoV-2 is responsible for the disease. As of 21 July 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed a total of 14,881,534 infections and 613,994 deaths. Many vaccine candidates are under development and clinical trials for corona virus disease. In this study, immunoinformatics strategies were applied to four specific proteins of the newly sequenced strain of the virus. Two non-structural proteins (Orf1ab and Orf3a) and two structural proteins (M and S proteins) were selected and subjected to B and T cells epitopes prediction and a vaccine was constructed. The constructed was checked for stability, effectiveness and safety using in silico tools. CTL and HTL epitopes were selected based on their high binding affinity towards MHC-I and MHC-II and a vaccine was constructed. The vaccine was found to be antigenic (0.44), non-allergenic (-0.83), stable (instability index 32) and hydrophilic (GRAVY -0.027). The vaccine was modelled for docking to evaluate its molecular level interaction with human TLR-3 and 4. Immune simulation ensured the vaccine can efficiently induce the host immune response. The vaccine sequence was reverse translated into for cloning into pET28a(+) vector for cloning into E.coli. The CAI value of 9.61 given by Jcat ensured the maximal expression. The current designed vaccine is confirmed by in silico tools to be capable of inducing appropriate immune response and requires experimental validation to verify the results.
Copyright (c) 2024 Syed Allouddin, Abdullah, Hussain
RESOURCE ALLOCATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE: INFLUENCE OF GREAT POWER POLITICS
"The primary objective of this investigation is on how the policies of great powers affect resource allocation in the context of the effects of climate change. It examines the dynamics, issues, and effects of resource allocation inequalities as well as how they relate to the actions and goals of major international powers. The research project uses core theoretical frameworks including realism and the theories of international relations to investigate the multifaceted connection underlying the politics of great powers and resource distribution. The study uses case studies and actual events to analyze the competition for resources that are scarce among great countries, disparities in resource distribution depending on geopolitical factors, the significance of financial influence and power, and the effects of partisan alliances and rivalries. Insufficient resource allocation's impacts on the environment, humanity, and economy are also evaluated by the study. Based on these findings, the report gives particular recommendations for politicians and other parties that are interested. These ideas place a strong emphasis on international cooperation, enhancing the functioning of financial building and assistance, facilitating technology transfer, advancing concepts of inclusion and equity, and raising public awareness and participation. This work contributes to the academic discussion of resource allocation and great power politics by offering information that may be used to build policies and promote effective climate action. To advance and build on this information, further research and collaboration must take place. This will eventually lead to resource allocation that is fair and sustainable in the face of climate change obstacles.
Resource allocation, great power politics, climate change, geopolitical considerations, competition, disparities
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr. Raziq Hussain, Munir Ahmad, Alyas Ali Chaichi
Impact of media on political accountability
The study reveals the impact of media on political accountability. In the empirical findings, the first hypothesis explored the association between the predictor variable and the criterion variable. The results indicate that there is a significant correlation between different types of media and political accountability. Specifically, the correlation coefficients are as follows: electronic media (r = 0.404, p = 0.000), print media (r = 0.580, p = 0.000), and social media (r = 0.552, p = 0.000). The second, third, and fourth hypotheses focused on the cause-and-effect relationships between the predictor variables and the criterion variable. Model #1 reveals an R2 value of 0.337, suggesting that 33% of the variation in political accountability can be attributed to print media as an independent variable. In model #2, the R2 value is 0.445, indicating that 45% of the variation in political accountability is collectively explained by print media, social media, and electronic media as independent variables. These regression procedures provide significant results, confirming the role of these predictors in influencing the criterion variable. Hypotheses three to eight examined the demographic impact on the respondents' responses. The study's findings contribute to the existing knowledge base and can serve as a valuable resource for researchers interested in investigating the relationship between media and political accountability in Pakistan. The study provides firsthand information, shedding light on this important topic.
Copyright (c) 2023 Naila Saleem, Hamza farooq, Horain kanwal
THE IMPACT OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP ON ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
The goal of leaders practicing transformational leadership is to encourage and enable their teams to realize their maximum potential. Increased employee engagement, productivity, and work happiness are just some of the positive outcomes that have been linked to this style of leadership. Among the most significant effects of transformational leadership on organisational behaviour is the development of a common sense of mission and values among workers. Transformative leaders motivate their teams to achieve shared goals by laying forth the organization's purpose and guiding principles. Individual growth is also emphasized heavily in transformational leadership.
Copyright (c) 2023 Dato’ Paduka Dr. Yeo Kok Vui
THE CHALLENGES RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONTEMPORARY ART AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Copyright (c) 2023 Datuk Dr. Chong Han Kwang
Democratic Peace Theory (DPT): Democratic Peace Theory promotes peace all over the world
Liberal democracies do not go to war with each other and the reasons why these democratic states resolve conflicts peacefully through negotiations and different diplomatic techniques. Other thing which I will highlight in my essay is Democratic peace theory is proactive form of liberalism and it rely on human and civil rights. Also the neo-liberalism perspective that how strong institutes promote democracy in state which eventually make the state stable economically, politically, and socially. I use different examples of states around the world which were enemies in past but now after becoming liberal democracies how these states transformed their approach and achieve peace and stability. I will also shed some light on the drawbacks of Democratic Peace Theory and how this theory is not applicable on states who are non-democratic and authoritarian in their political structure but enjoy economic stability and peace within the state and also with their neighbouring states. How other theories like realism`s critique on Democratic Peace Theory and its relevancy with regard to international relations and explain the gaps in this theory. Another aspect which is of importance in this essay is why liberal states do not wage war and I explain how political structure and political participation of citizen is crucial. How different democratic institutes and different forms of accountability in liberal states stop leaders of democratic states to wage war? In the end I will conclude that DPT is not only western approach to promote peace and stability but it can be applicable to all states around the world to become peaceful and liberal states.
ROLE OF DECISION MAKING IN ORGANIZATIONAL MARKETING STRATEGY
The role of decision-making in organizational marketing strategy is a critical aspect of business management. It is essential for businesses to make effective decisions when it comes to developing their marketing strategies, as these decisions can significantly impact their success in the marketplace. This paper explores the key factors that influence decision-making in marketing strategy, including market research, customer analysis, and competitive intelligence. It also examines the impact of organizational culture, leadership, and communication on the decision-making process. Market research is a crucial factor in effective decision-making in marketing strategy. By gathering and analysing data about the market, businesses can gain insights into customer preferences and behaviour, as well as the competitive landscape. This information can be used to identify opportunities for growth and to develop targeted marketing campaigns that resonate with customers. Customer analysis is another important factor in decision-making, as it allows businesses to understand the needs and wants of their target audience. This information can be used to create products and services that meet those needs, as well as to develop messaging that speaks directly to customers. Competitive intelligence is also critical in decision-making for marketing strategy. By monitoring the activities of competitors, businesses can identify threats and opportunities in the marketplace. This information can be used to adjust marketing strategies and to develop new products and services that differentiate the business from competitors. Organizational culture, leadership, and communication are also important factors in decision-making. A culture that values innovation and creativity can foster a more open-minded approach to marketing strategy, while strong leadership and effective communication can ensure that decisions are made in a timely and efficient manner. In conclusion, effective decision-making in organizational marketing strategy is a complex process that requires businesses to consider a range of factors, including market research, customer analysis, competitive intelligence, organizational culture, leadership, and communication. By taking a holistic approach to decision-making, businesses can develop marketing strategies that are well-informed, customer-centric, and strategically aligned with their overall goals and objectives.
Copyright (c) 2023 Abdul Razak bin Zamri
The Relationship between Public Policy Failures and Inconsistent Foreign Policy in Pakistan
This research paper draws into the relationship between Public Policy failures and inconsistent Foreign Policy in Pakistan. The country's foreign policy has been portrayed by irregularities and unconventionality, which has subverted its international standing and ruined its capacity to accomplish its foreign policy targets. The impetus behind this paper is to look at the variables that add to this relationship and feature its suggestions for Pakistan's policymakers. By exploring existing writing and contextual analyses, this paper distinguishes feeble administration, absence of institutional bound, and a divided policy making process as key variables adding to the relationship between public policy failures and foreign policy irregularities in Pakistan. The suggestion of this paper is that tending to policy failure is basic for advancing a more lucid and compelling foreign policy in Pakistan. This paper gives significant understandings into the transaction between public policy failures and foreign policy in Pakistan, and highlights the requirement for additional research in this area.
public policy, international policy , Pakistan, policy failure, administration, international relations,
Copyright (c) 2023 Munir Ahmad, Dr. Waleed Rasool Sheikh, Kashif Zaheer Kamboh, Mazahir Abbas
Libya After the Arab Spring: A Story of Chaos and Conflict
This research article examines the post-Arab Spring era in Libya and the complex challenges that have emerged since the popular uprising that led to the overthrow of former leader Muammar Ghaddafi in 2011. Drawing on a range of secondary sources, the article analyzes the factors that have contributed to the ongoing conflict, fragmentation, and instability in the country. The research explores the roles played by various actors, including political elites, militias, foreign powers, and extremist groups, in shaping the post-revolutionary landscape. The article also considers the impact of the conflict on the Libyan people, including the humanitarian crisis, displacement, and human rights violations. Overall, the research provides insights into the complex dynamics of post-Arab Spring Libya and the challenges facing the country as it struggles to build a stable, democratic, and inclusive political system.
The Impact of Augmented Reality (AR) on Digital Marketing
This paper discusses how augmented reality based digital marketing has impacted awareness phase of marketing. It will open with how AR based marketing is becoming a new trend and replacing the conventional methods of digital advertisement, from posters to DVCs & animations to AR filters & immersive ads or content posts. Through the use of “meta spark studio” for making AR based content, comparison between conventional & AR based digital marketing is conducted in the form of organic and inorganic ads survey which clearly apprises us the difference and which is more impactful. The AR based digital marketing provides a more immersive experience to the user which in turns makes it more impactful. Keywords: Augmented reality, digital marketing, meta, social media.
The Russian-Ukraine War reverberating across World Regions
The following article discusses the world-wide effects of the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine and the amount of damage it has done, creating crisis in terms of hike in oil and gas prices, shortage of food items and overall expensiveness. It also discusses the long-term effects if the war continues as it has divided the world into two groups i.e. one supporting Russia and the other supporting Ukraine. This situation has affected poor countries who had to have neutral stance on the situation but it still costed them. The opinions and stances behind the war of both the countries and other countries of the world have been discussed in detail and the events that led to invasion have been highlighted. The steps taken by West to stop Russia and its response to all those steps have also been noted down. After highlighting the stances of both the sides and discussing what happened and what should not have happened. The researcher provides conclusions at the end of the article.
THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC IN PAKISTANI POLITICS
In recent years, a series of protest movements have occurred mostly in the capital city Islamabad in response to the actions of sitting governments of their times. The movements of capturing the capital started from 2014 and are still happening today. These are due to various reasons including inflation, poverty, rise in prices of fuel and food items etc. The movements contain a large number of young protestors as youth comprises most of the population of Pakistan. In order to mobilize them and keep them entertained, different political anthems are played.” This strategy was once used by the modern political parties to mobilize their followers but with the passage of time, the opponent parties also noticed the impact of music in attracting people and they also started making their own party anthems. Religious parties which considered Music haram since they were founded also have songs on their leaders these days. Music is such a powerful tool that made such parties change their agendas. This paper seeks to understand how music has been employed in protest environments. We will draw upon historic and recent examples to demonstrate how music became a strategy to attract masses especially youth with the passage of time as music is one of the best tools for delivering messages and brainwashing masses. This paper seeks to understand how music articulates messages of protest through the use of semiotics and how music has been employed in protest environments. The paper ends with a brief discussion with concluding remarks.
Image captioning system Using Artificial Intelligence
People who are blind or visually impaired often find it difficult to fully engage with the world around them, as they cannot accurately perceive the visual information that sighted people take for granted. As a result, they often require some form of human assistance to navigate their environment and access information. In this project, we aim to use image captioning techniques to help solve this problem. By leveraging a large dataset and machine learning algorithms, we hope to improve the ability to convert captured and stored images into text and speech that can be easily understood by blind individuals. Our project is inspired by recent advancements in multimodal neural networks, which have been successfully used in image captioning systems. Specifically, we will use a combination of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to translate images into text. The CNN will be used for visual feature extraction, while the RNN will be trained on image-sentence ground truth pairings to generate captions. One of the main challenges we face is the language barrier. While there have been numerous studies on image captioning for single-target languages, we aim to develop a system that can generate captions in multiple languages. To achieve this, we will use the GoogleTrans library, which implements the Google Translate API. Our project will follow the AI essentials framework for designing AI products, as well as the Scrum methodology for managing the software development lifecycle. We will begin by collecting a dataset of 8,000 images from the Flicker 8k dataset, and use OCR Tesseract to extract text from any images that contain text. We will then use a pre-trained CNN as a feature extractor, and feed these features into an LSTM, which will generate captions. These captions will be translated into multiple languages using the GoogleTrans library, and finally converted to speech using the gTTS library. Overall, our project aims to improve the lives of blind and visually impaired individuals by providing them with a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of their surroundings. By leveraging machine learning and neural networks, we hope to develop a system that is capable of generating accurate and useful captions in multiple languages, thereby bridging the language barrier and making it easier for blind individuals to access information.
Assessing The COVID-19 Trends In Pakistan Using Predictive Machine Learning Techniques: An Empirical Study
The Coronavirus (also referred to as COVID-19) which started in Wuhan, China on December 2019 has taken the world by storm. Scientists across the globe have used epidemiological models to predict the spread of the virus along with the death rate and make different outbreak predictions. Also, prediction models have been utilized for new policies to control the spread of the virus. Because of the complex and irregular nature of the virus, it has been hard to forecast the trends in different nations specially using conventional mathematical models such as the SIR (Susceptible Infected resistant) model. Therefore, this study analyzes the five waves of COVID-19 that have hit Pakistan since February 2020 using Machine Learning models. Advanced predictive models Predictive models such as Logistic Growth and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model (ARIMA) are utilized for predicting and modeling contagion spread trends. The study uses these models to capture the variation in the incidence of daily cases in each province of Pakistan. The time-series data utilized for this study is obtained from the official website of the government of Pakistan; consisting of daily caseload for each region of Pakistan. There are two main contributions of the paper: first, it compares the modeling accuracy of two widely used disease growth models ARIMA, and Logistic Growth Model, in the case of Pakistan. Secondly, it recommends the model better suited for datasets similar to Pakistan, which have fluctuations in numbers. One of the main limitation of this research is that although, one solution for this uncertainty has been the use of Machine Learning predictive techniques, limited data is available for Pakistan. The findings of this research indicated that the logistic model could not model everyday COVID-19 case numbers effectively for the overall pandemic wave, and the model tried to decrease the error, producing an inaccurate plot. However, it showed better results when the waves were divided into smaller sections. The RMSE were less compared to the ARIMA Model. Lastly, the researcher also recommends other models which could be utilized for further modeling of COVID-19 trends in Pakistan.